SYSTEMATIC PREPARATION FOR CSIR-NET (LIFE SCIENCE)

                                                                                                 Autosomal dominant Dont skip generation Affected parents can have unaffected children Autosomal recessive Skip generation Unaffected parents can have affected children Sex linked dominant Disease never transfer from father to son All daughters of affected father will be affected Sex linked recessive Males are more affected Disease tend to transfer from father to son and mother to daughter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bL4JV5Z2jsc

  The development of specialized cell types is called differentiation .These overt changes in cellular biochemistry and function are preceded by a process involving the commitment of the cell to a certain fate. At this point, even though the cell or tissue does not appear phenotypically different from its uncommitted state, its developmental fate has become restricted. The process of commitment can be divided into two stages (Harrison 1933; Slack 1991). The first stage is a labile phase called specification . The fate of a cell or a tissue is said to be specified when it is capable of differentiating autonomously when placed in a neutral environment such as a petri dish or test tube. (The environment is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.) At this stage, the commitment is still capable of being reversed. The second stage of commitment is determination . A cell or tissue is said to be determined when it is capable of differentiating autonomously even when placed ...

  Introduction Blotting is technique in which nucleic acids i.e., RNA and DNA or proteins are transferred onto a specific membrane [ 1 , 2 ]. This membrane may be nitrocellulose PVDF or nylon membrane. This process can be done just after the gel electrophoresis, by transferring the molecules from the gel onto the surface of blotting membrane. But sometimes it can be done by directly transferring the molecules onto the membrane. And then we can visualize these transferring molecules by using staining [ 3 6 ]. Examples: Ethidium bromide, Crystal violet, Safranine and Ossmium tetroxide etc [ 7 , 8 ]. Types of Blotting There are basically 4 types of blotting: Southern blotting Western blotting Northern blotting Eastern blotting 1) Southern blotting Southern blotting is named after Edward M. Southern. This method is used for analysis of DNA sequences. It involves the following steps: Firstly, large weighted DNA is cut into small fragments by using Restriction endonu...

  Molecular marker is identified as genetic marker. Molecular marker is a DNA or gene sequence within a recognized location on a chromosome which is used as identification tool. In the pool of unknown DNA or in a whole chromosome, these molecular markers helps in identification of particular sequence of DNA at particular location. Applications: It plays a crucial role in gene mapping by identifying the position of linked genes in the chromosome which inherited together It also detect any alteration in a sequence of DNA or any genetic oddity. It ascertains genes involved in genetic disorders. It is used to determine different characters in a DNA sequence which is used to distinguish between individuals, populations or species. Different types of genetic polymorphism can be used as Genetic markers. On the basis of polymorphisms detected in the genetic makeup of individuals that may vary in the length of a DNA sequence or in the identity of nucleotides located at specific p...

  HORMONE Abscisic acid : Maintains seed dormancy and winter dormancy closes stomata Auxins : Promote stem elongation, adventitious root initiation, and fruit growth; inhibit axillary bud outgrowth and leaf abscission Brassinosteroids : Promote stem and pollen tube elongation promote vascular tissue differentiation Cytokinins : Inhibit leaf senescence; promote cell division and axillary bud outgrowth; affect root growth Ethylene : Promotes fruit ripening and leaf abscission; inhibits stem elongation and gravitropism Gibberellins : Promote seed germination, stem growth, and fruit development; break winter dormancy: mobilize nutrient reserves in grass seeds Table of Content Functions of Plant Hormones Auxin Hormone Gibberellins Hormone Cytokinins Hormone Abscisic Acid Function Ethylene Plant Hormone What is Plant Hormones? Plants need sunlight, water, oxygen, minerals for their growth and development. These are external factors. Apart from these, there are s...

  Retrogressive evolution is the opposite: its when an organism reduces in complexity or begins to forsake more advanced characteristics in favour of more primitive ones. It's aka devolution. Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both. It is named after the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, after his work on butterflies in the rainforests of Brazil. Mullerian mimicry can be seen in species of butterflies. ... melpomene are two different species of butterflies that exhibit Mullerian mimicry. Both of them have evolved to have mostly black bodies and wings, but they have a similar pattern of red-orange dots and markings on their wings. The term 'gene loss' is used in a broad sense, not only referring to the absence of a gene that is identified when different species are compared but also to any allelic variant carrying a loss-of-function (that is,...

  Dryopithecus africanus Period : 20-25 million years ago (Miocene) Location : Miocene rocks of Africa and Europe Brain size : Large (size not known) Adaptations : Arboreal, ate soft fruits and leaves and semi-erect posture Characteristics : Arms and legs of same length, feet with heels. without brow ridges, knuckle walker Ramapithecus punjabicus Period: 14-15 million years ago (From late Miocene to Pliocene) Location : Pliocene rooks of Shivalik Hills of India Brain size : Unknown Adaptations : Walk erect on its hind feet on ground and lived on fops Characteristics : Small canines and large molars like humans. Ate nuts and seeds Australopithecus africanus Period: 5 million years ago (Pliocene) Location: Pliocene rocks near Tuang in Africa Brain size: 500 cc Adaptations : Bipedal locomotion, omnivorous but mostly vegetar feeding on fruits, vegetables, nuts. seeds and res p ecto climbed trees too. Characteristics : Fully human shaped jaw and broad pelvis. Brow r...